Science is a complex system with dynamic elements (e.g., disciplines and research fields) that develop over time. The evolution of science is critical to explain human progress.

Technology is a complex system, composed of more than one entity or sub-systems of technologies and a relationship that holds between each entity and at least one other entity in the system for achieving specific goals.

In the years following the Second World War, America’s Bell System developed the innovation that would launch a third industrial revolution in the United States and soon after in the rest of the world.

The issues, which Uzawa (1961, 1963) examined, emerged as an extension of the seminal Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model.